The coollink limited in nigeria Essays

The coollink limited in nigeria Essays The coollink limited in nigeria Essay The coollink limited in nigeria Essay INTRODUCTION Company Information Coollink limited is a subordinate of STEAM Broadcasting A ; Communications limited, Nigeria. Coollink is one of the celebrated and registered Internet Service Provider ( ISP ) based in Nigeria. Coollink clients are referred to as Clients and its services cuts across Nigeria in its entirety. Coollink s sell vsat equipments to its clients and besides offers after sale services depending on the understanding with each and every client. It s necessary to indicate out that Coollink has two groups of Clients which are: Cooperate organic structures that comprises, fiscal establishments, oil companies, insurance companies, higher establishment of acquisition, governmental organic structures who require vsat solutions ( ku set and hundred set ) Individual clients who require fixed wireless broadband for little office and place office ( SOHO ) For the intent of my work, I m will be concentrating on Consumer market and non concern market. Question 1: a. Market cleavage is the class of dividing a really big market into sections of different purchasers who will react to different merchandise and service offerings and market mixes. The formulated different sections are used as standards for merchandise targeting. In other words, there is need to understand that there are assorted clients with diverse demands and a market should non seek to delight all of them with the same offer. Research has farther confirmed organisations that target forte market tends promote its merchandise and services more successfully than a concern taking all the market. Mentioned below are some of the assorted attacks by which an organisation can section its merchandises and survives, and each of these attacks has different variables. Geographic: when market is segmented by assailing a peculiar part, province, clime, metropoliss, states or even vicinities. Demographic: market is segmented utilizing variables such as age, Income, Occupation, Education, Ethnicity, Nationality, Religion, Social category etc Gender, lodging type etc. Psychographic: the variables used here country activities, involvements, sentiments, attitudes, values, emotions, lifestyle amongst others. Behavioral: market is segmented with usage rate, user position, potency, benefits sought, trade name trueness, first-time, etc. The merchandise and service I would wish to concentrate on are the sale Vsat equipment and client attention service severally. Market cleavage with mention to Coollink can be seen under Geographical Segmentation and Behavioural Segmentation. These two were chosen after series of market researches. Geographical in the sense that Coollink has merely two base Stationss which imply it can merely offer services to prospective clients within those peculiar localities. Behavioural on the other manus is built-in in both single and cooperate clients, because the fact remains non all places, offices and cooperate organic structures in Nigeria of today can afford the charges that comes with cyberspace services. The few that has cyberspace services do so because of their societal category, Clients that appreciate what they will profit from utilizing cyberspace services all over i.e. In other words, there is a impulsive force. Below are some of the grounds ( benefits ) amongst others why Coollink has chosen to section its market It helps to place which market it wants to function since it acknowledges that there are assorted consumer with different features that defines them, It helps to acknowledge what each and every Clients demands are, in order to proffer better solutions since client demands differ, It helps assures the highest return for marketing/sales outgos, It increases net incomes for concern, concern can raise mean monetary values and later heighten net incomes through market cleavage There is better chances for growing since cleavage physique gross revenues, Through aiming, we can accomplish competitory production and selling costs which in bend addition the market portion, Helps to understand who contenders country and why they are rivals, Helps acknowledge little, but of import sections of the market in other words ; it allows direction to concentrate more on the most profitable purchasers. It helps in the procedure of apportioning financess to different sections of the market It assist in the procedure of taking the proper media of marketing communicating and publicity based on the properties of each section It guides to develop merchandises that truly fit the market demands. B. A Customer harmonizing to Wikipedia ( Accessed: 14 January 2010 ) â€Å"is a wide label for any persons or families that use goods and services generated within the economy† . Coollink s clients referred to as CLIENTS can be grouped into two classs which are: Cooperate organic structures that comprises, fiscal establishments, oil companies, insurance companies, higher establishment of acquisition, governmental organic structures who require vsat solutions ( ku set and hundred set ) Individual clients who require fixed wireless broadband for little office and place office ( SOHO ) Customer purchasing behaviour is the survey of how and why people buy goods and services, it covers the determination devising procedures. Kotler ( 1996 ) cited that purchaser s determination procedure go throughing through five phases that is: demand acknowledgment, information hunt, rating of options, purchase determination and station purchase behavior. There are internal and external factors that influences costumer purchasing behavior and these factors can be categorized under Personal factors ( that is, Demographic factors like sex, age, race etc ) , Psychological factors ( that is, motor, perceptual experience, attitude, ability, cognition, personal experience life style, etc ) and Social factors ( such as leaders, household, friends, mention group, societal category, civilization and sub-culture ) In the instance of Coollink, the factors that influence the Clients purchasing behavior can be tagged under: Psychological factor Social factor. The followers are the grounds why the above named factors influence coollink clients purchasing behavior Coollink is a celebrated service supplier ; Clients fear the danger of confer withing other service supplier who might non adequately supply the sort of service required. Coollink launches assorted adverts in both print and electronic media which gives the prospective client the consciousness of the strength and capableness of the merchandise and services they offer Coollink merchandise and services gives comfort and convenience because it offers its Clients the chance to bask extra services like VPN ( practical private web ) which is the ability to web different offices as proffered by the Client, Coollink besides provide WAN ( Wide country web ) and LAN ( local country web in which other cyberspace service suppliers do non possess all these installations Coollink besides appreciates its Clients by giving good client service and after sale service. Coollink s merchandise gives value for money, after buying of Coollink merchandise and services provided, Clients appreciates the fact that though it comes expensive but finally realizes it is worth the money value. Besides there is a Pride of being associated with coollink because it is a sister Company to other celebrated group of companies all over Nigeria. Coollink besides offers from clip to clip Gross saless promo which besides encourages prospective Clients With all the above in topographic point, clients will stay loyal since corsets satisfied. It has besides positively affected the growing of the organisation which has in bend enhanced net income Question 2: Harmonizing to bitpipe.com ( Accessed: 22 January 2010 ) , â€Å"Business Process is a set of co-ordinated undertaking and activities, conducted by both people and equipment, that will take to carry throughing a specific organisational goal† . On the other manus, SHIVAUN OBRIEN ( Accessed ; 22 January 2010 ) sees Choice criterions are â€Å"statements sketching the cardinal elements of a quality programme† . It can besides be seen as a construction for accomplishing a celebrated degree of quality within an organisation. Coollink as an cyberspace service supplier has legion concern procedures with some criterions in topographic point. For the intent of my appraisal I will concentrate on merely the procedures involved in, Command for proposals Covering with Customers ailments Command for proposals: Coollink acquires some of its Clients through command for proposals. The procedure involved is merely reacting to assorted adverts in the newspapers or diaries whereby corporate organic structures petitions for proposals from assorted capable cyberspace service suppliers. We thenceforth collate our paperss and subject our proposal for command, so delay for the shortlisted companies to be notified. The procedure here appears straightforward since we have been traveling through this procedure for a long clip, but yet we still do some preventable errors which in bend lead to the loss of some of import clients. The errors ranges from subjecting a proposal without seting a critical papers, last minute haste due to enrollments we have to make, late entry, acquiring the adverts late and cost estimation. In order to accomplish equal quality and excellence, the above procedure can be enhanced by seting the followers in topographic point Appointing competent professionals as commission member who will be to the full responsible to seek for adverts, fixing and subjecting proposal in order to avoid non seting important paperss and late entries Reclamation with professional organic structures should non be done at haste hours, since this is one of the basic demands when command, so we should guarantee all the ranks are renewed as at when due and non when we have proposals to subject. Team work is besides really of import Covering with Clients ailments: After a client acquires the necessary merchandises, and the installing takes topographic point. So it is expected that from clip to clip, Clients would hold one thing or the other to kick about. They could either name our client attention line for an immediate solution or we could direct an applied scientist to the client to supply the solution. The inquiry here is at what gait do we supply these solutions? This is when quality service comes in. In order to accomplish equal quality and excellence, the above procedure can be enhanced by seting the followers in topographic point It is necessary to hold a mission statement ( clearly understood by the employees ) which will specify the intent of its services ( first-class service ) and what makes it important amongst other internet service suppliers. There should be equal proviso for telephone lines and receiving systems in order non to maintain clients waiting There should be proviso for forces to work during the weekend in order to go to to clients as at when needed Proper preparation should be given to the Customer attention functionaries and proficient squad in order to satisfactorily go to to clients Proper motive has to be in topographic point and this is when employess will see Clients as ever right Besides using people because of their competency should come foremost and non because they are inexpensive Additionally, I will wish to propose even if clients do non kick, we should name from clip to clip to corroborate they are basking the services we have rendered since some unsated Clients may neer kick Team work is really necessary, a foreman has to be near to the employee in order to Question 3: Market SHARE ( CASH GENERATION ) From the above analysis, it can be deduced that Coollink s merchandise is a really strong STAR ( high growing rate and high market portion ) on its manner to going a hard currency cow. At this phase, Coollink uses big sum of hard currency in order to bring forth big sum of money because of its high growing rate, its puting more for future growing. On the other manus, Coollink s Service is at the phase of Question mark ( high growing rate and low market portion ) which consumes big sum of hard currency and do non bring forth hard currency. At the Customer attention service degree, attempts should be made in order to better and non go a Canis familiaris but a star. The best manner to cover with this is to put to a great extent in order to derive market portion. Product life rhythm harmonizing to EPSILONINDUSTRIES ( Assessed 28 January 2010 ) is â€Å"Generally a selling term used to mention to the explosive growing, tableland, and diminution of a merchandise or trade name, a merchandise life rhythm can besides mention to the iterative procedure of bettering a merchandise over clip through major redesigns or replacing of disused versions† . The place of the merchandise ( equipment for Vsat ) on the merchandise life rhythm is on the adulthood phase due to the fact that of the collink s merchandise is good known. The place of client attention service provided in coollink is at the growing province, the ground is that we need to put in this facet in order for us to run into up to standard in order for clients to be truly satisfied Question 4: Harmonizing to the U.S. office of Personnel Management ( Accessed: January 24 2010 ) , â€Å"Planning agencies puting public presentation outlooks and ends for groups and persons to impart their attempts toward accomplishing organisational aims. It besides includes the steps that will be used to find whether outlooks and ends are being met† . Marketing planning is the scene of future selling aims for merchandise, service, trade name, or merchandise line and the finding of appropriate schemes, tactics and resources to be used in accomplishing such aims. It involves the development of a logical procedure for set uping selling ends, plans to accomplish these ends, apportioning budgets for different selling activities and measuring the mark market sections. There are assorted phases involved in marketing planning procedure which varies from organisation to organisation, with mention to Coollink ; the followers are the basic selling planning procedure: Research on what the client demands in order to better: thorough research is made on what the client wants and why they want, and this is achieved by giving out questionnaires to prospective Clients. Research on assorted makers of merchandises ( equipments for hundred set and ku set ) there are and taking clip to analyze who will outdo function the society in relation to client demands Evaluation the two stairss above in relation to the economic system state of affairs How the said merchandises will be advertise in order to make the prospective clients, research on what and what newspaper people read and radio Stationss evaluation on order to put adverts in the right topographic points Reappraisal: where there is a rating between what was planned and what has been achieved in order to continuously better Measure public presentation, they entree the strength and failing of the merchandise Marketing planning procedure is really of import to Coollink and any organisation due to the undermentioned grounds: It helps the selling squad present a program and budget the direction could associate to It gives the chance to entree the consumers to function and how best they can plan merchandises and services that will supply better value ( i.e. competitory advantage ) It enables the selling director develop his managerial ability It besides gives sellers the chance to acknowledge that there may be a good ground to travel back and adjust a anterior measure before finishing the program It brings about clearer definition of marketing aims and policies and improved selling patterns It assist direction to seek uninterrupted betterment in selling public presentation It focuses direction s attending on menaces and chances It improves communicating and co-ordination amongst members of the organisation It ensures that there is a clear apprehension of the information needed to do the needed determinations It increases the possibility of undertaking success, cut downing overall undertaking cost, and shortening project life rhythm it designs inducements pay programs do non merely motivate and reward frontline staff reasonably but besides to aline activities with corporate mission Referencing hypertext transfer protocol: //www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/n accessed jaunary 2010 NET MBA Market Segmentation Brainmates, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brainmates.com.au/ ? p=360 accesse January 21 2010 Administrations and the Business Environment 2Nd Ed. 2005.p 634 by Campbell, David J.Craig, Tom hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_why.asp accesses january 21 market cleavage why section markets? RDI Learning Without Boundaries, SATISFYING THE CUSTOMER STUDY MATERIALS hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bitpipe.com/tlist/Business-Processes.html january 22, 2010 Sparx Systems UML Tutorials the concern procedure theoretical account January 20 2010 SHIVAUN OBRIEN Quality criterions, 2005 page Designed by: page 16 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youthreach.ie/aatopmenu/Library/qualityframe/Quality % 20Standards % 20pdf % 20web.pdf ORPHISME DESIGN Printed by: CSM PRINT SOLUTIONS hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer January 14, 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.opm.gov/perform/overview.asp U.S. office of forces direction, be aftering Double line spacing Change customer/consumer to client hypertext transfer protocol: //epsilonindustries.com/resources/injection-molding-glossary/ JANUARY 28 Kotler, Philip and Amstrong, Gary. ( 1996 ) . Principles of Marketing, 7th edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Seven Buying Motivations That Can Help People Buy Into You http: //ezinearticles.com/ ? Seven-Buying-Motives-That-Can-Help-People-Buy-Into-You A ; id=1021747 ACCESSED JANUARY 19 2010 BY lynn marie sager Buying Motivations Why Do Peoples Buy in marketing hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessopportunitiesandideas.co.uk/927/buying-motives-why-do-people-buy accessed january 9 2010 CUSTOMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articlesbase.com/marketing-articles/customer-buying-behaviour-999729.html January 9 2010 What is Consumer Buying Behavior? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html january 9, 2010 Melvin S. Hettwick, Meaning of Buying Motives, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.openlearningworld.com/olw/courses/books/Consumer % 20Behaviour % 20and % 20Motivation/Consumer % 20Behavior % 20and % 20Motivation/Meaning % 20of % 20Buying % 20Motives.html January 9, 2010 Quick Master in Business selling, Market Segmentation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.quickmba.com/marketing/market-segmentation/ January 9, 2010 Net Master in Business selling, Market Segmentation hypertext transfer protocol: //www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ January 9, 2010 Center for concern planning, Market Segmentation, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessplans.org/Segment.html, January 9 2010 market cleavage why section markets? hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_why.asp January 9 2010 cognize this.com, Step 1: Identify Market Sections hypertext transfer protocol: //www.knowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/targeting-markets/identify-market-segments/ , January 9 2010 Market Segmentation, Jerry W. Thomas hypertext transfer protocol: //www.decisionanalyst.com/publ_art/MarketSegmentation.dai, January 9, 2010 Mickey Arthur How to Improve Quality System Training Per ISO Standards hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehow.com/how_5711729_improve-training-per-iso-standards.html January 20 2010 Wikipedia, THE FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA Marketing program, hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_plan, January 17, 2010 strategic be aftering the nexus with marketing hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/strategy/strategy_marketing.htm, January 17, 2009 merchandises merchandise life rhythm, hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/marketing/products_lifecycle.asp january 27, Product Life Cycle Industry Maturity Stages, Fox, Wasson, Hofer, Anderson A ; Zeithaml, Hill A ; Jones, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_product_life_cycle.html, January 27 2010 BCG Matrix Model, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maxi-pedia.com/BCG+matrix+model, januaty 27 2010

How to Turn Down a Job Offer with Professionalism

How to Turn Down a Job Offer with Professionalism When you’re on the job hunt, your focus is so fully on getting to that job offer: all of your energy goes into making yourself into the ideal candidate, and making sure that the hiring manager knows how very ideal you are. But what happens if you get to that point and the job just isn’t right for you? 1. Reasons to Turn Down a Job Offer2. When to Turn Down a Job Offer3. How to Turn Down   a Job Offer4. What Not to Do When You Turn Down a Job OfferReasons to Turn Down   a Job Offer1. You couldn’t come to an agreement on compensation.Sometimes, negotiation just doesn’t go the way you want it to go, and you just can’t compromise any further.2. The job wasn’t what you thought it would be when you applied.Maybe that 40s:â€Å"I don’t think this job is the best fit for me right now.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I’ve decided to accept another offer.† If you do this, you don’t need to say where, but it would be helpful for the compan y to know if their top candidates are bailing because other places are offering more comprehensive benefits, better hours, etc. No matter what, be diplomatic.Reiteration of appreciationRemember, you want the company to feel like you’re the one that got away, not the close call they had with a monster.Nice closingThe same kind of closing you use for any standard business communication applies here. Regards, best wishes, thanks again, sincerely, and similar ones all work. No melodrama, just easy and respectful closure.Here’s a sample offer rejection letter you can use for reference if you find yourself in this position.Dear Scooter,Thank you very much for offering me the position of Senior Swamp Correspondent. After careful deliberation, I’ve decided to accept another position that’s more in line with my experience and my goals. I really appreciate your time and consideration, though, as well as the chance to meet your excellent colleagues Fozzie and Gonzo. I know your team will continue to achieve great things in TV production, and I look forward to hearing about your continued success.Best wishes, KermitThere are also other examples and templates online that you can use, like here and here. The most important thing is to write what feels right for you- it should be in your voice, but if you find yourself at a loss for what to say, you can stick to these guidelines and dash off a perfectly nice rejection note.The level of formality may vary, depending on a) how formal the company is (which you’ll have a sense of from your interview and interactions with the company), and b) how well you know the person receiving the note. Err on the side of formality, but if a textbook form letter just doesn’t feel right, just make sure to hit the six points above, and keep the tone light and professional.What NOT to Do When You Turn Down a Job OfferWhile you’re crafting your â€Å"it’s not you, it’s me† note , there are some pitfalls to keep in mind as well. Don’t even consider the following:Using powerfully negative words like â€Å"reject.†It just sounds harsh, so†¦find a nicer way to phrase things, like, â€Å"opting to pursue other opportunities† or â€Å"will not be able to accept your offer at this time.†Taking a hostile tone.If you didn’t get along with anyone along the way, or discovered that you really don’t like the company, this is not the place to vent that. No sarcasm, snide remarks, or profanity.Posting about it on social media.It’s just poor form†¦and if you put a company on blast after they offer you a job, you could do some heavy damage to your own reputation.Talking smack about the company or anyone you spoke to throughout the process.If you met with someone really obnoxious during your interview process, now is not the time to talk about it. If you have any grievances, same deal. Just be thankful you got away unscathed, and be nice as you’re walking out the door.You’re breaking off a potential relationship here, but instead of disappearing into the comfortable anonymity of a dating app, you’re talking to people in an industry where you (presumably) want to keep working. You have to acknowledge the offer and also that you will not be accepting it. It’s not that hard, I promise! The awkwardness and unpleasantness that would result from just ignoring an open offer (and potentially wasting the time of someone following up on it) are just not the way to conduct yourself in a professional way.With these tools, you’re ready to take the difficult step of cutting loose from the hiring process. It can be a difficult decision, but again- if the job isn’t right for you or you have better opportunities, there’s no need to draw it out. Be quick, be nice, and be firm†¦and you’re out and ready to move on to the next opportunity.

Beowulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Beowulf - Essay Example Thesis statement: Does Beowulf in the poem possess heroic qualities that can be termed under the real qualities of an epic hero? The most important quality of Beowulf that makes him an epic hero is his heroic quality. For instance, like a real hero, Beowulf was ready to travel a great distance to undertake dangerous tasks. When Hrothgar faced trouble from Grendel, like a real hero, Beowulf left his homeland (Geatland), killed the Grendel the monster and saved all. But Burton Raffel criticizes that the author does not give ample importance to Beowulf’s fight with monsters and dragons (Raffel xi). Beowulf praises Hrothgar on his nobility and brevity. This proves that he possesses the heroic quality of courtesy. When he entered the land of Danes, he left his weapons on the shore. This proves his courtesy towards the king and his people. Besides, Beowulf was ready to do anything to prove his courtesy. Beowulf was a brave warrior. For instance, he fought and killed Grendel the dragon, and his mother, another dragon. Besides, Beowulf reveals Hroogar that he did defeat five giants and chased them from the earth. Beowulf possessed the quality of loyalty. He proved his loyalty towards the king and his people by killing Grendel the dragon. Later, when he became the king, Beowulf did not allow his warriors to fight against Grendel’s mother. Instead, he proved his loyalty towards his people by killing Grendel’s mother by his own. Beowulf’s success as a leader proves his military skills. Besides, he was able to maintain a group of warriors with him to help in critical situations. He very well knew that his warriors may not be helpful in the fight with Grendel and his mother. So he went alone to face those demons/beasts /dragons. This proves his military tactics. Summing up, one can see that the heroic qualities possessed by Beowulf helps him to be a real epic hero with heroism, courtesy, bravery, loyalty, leadership

David Reimer Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

David Reimer Case - Essay Example You may be born as a male or female. Another important factor that should be noticed is that sexuality does not determine the gender of a person it is actually the gender that determines what kind of sexuality a person will have. May be a stage came when you lost your personhood and became inhuman. This is the stage when you fall into the category of people who are living unlivable life. Have you ever thought why sometime we compare a person with an animal You might have heard a word "inhuman" or have heard someone saying around you or in news that he/she has done an inhuman act and had disgraced humanity and then people commenting that the certain person is not human we can't call him human after what he did. Didn't you ThinkWe do so when a person did any cruel, brutal or nasty act. A human being is said to be human because he has feelings, emotions, power to make decisions, to think and when he make a decision that is inhuman somehow, while having all his senses in order is said to be inhuman. Once you create such image in society people will start avoiding you and one day you will realize that you don't have any social life. Man is said to be a social animal and when you lost your sociality what else will remain .an animal. So we can also say that it is one of the symptoms that will make you think where are you standing What is your social status How are you being recognized Whether you are known as person or a human According to author," A life for which no categories of recognition exist is not a livable life, so a life for which those categories constitute unlivable constraints is not an acceptable option". What comes next important to humanness, whether it is sexual difference or racial and ethnic differences In this regard Butler says that "those who believe that sexual difference are no more primary then racial and ethnic differences are right". In order to prove her statement she says that rapists or one night sperm donors can't be called "fathers" in social sense. Such person is called accused not a father. Keeping all the things mentioned above just think for a while about a person who doesn't know his identification, whether he is a male or a female This is what exactly happened with the hero of Butler's book named, David. We have mentioned above that a person is born to be a man or women and then comes being human or inhuman but what about a person who even don't know about his gender. One, who is born as a boy, brought up as a girl and again started living as a boy, a person who has lived both genders, what would be his feelings, was his life livable Being human or inhuman is far away in such cases, a person kept on fighting to make his recognition, to make his status in society. A person who is being criticized for nothing, he has done nothing inhuman so why people are commenting on his gender Why he seems unfit to them It is because of inhuman acts done by

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay Explain how a working relationship is different from a personal relationship 1. A working relationship is different because of boundaries, professional codes of conduct, employer policies and procedures. In your working relationship you would be friendly have a different approach treat with equality you would know your role and responsibility you would not share personal information as you friends. 2. You work with different people doctors family colleagues give examples of how these are different 3. As this sets out boundaries in your job role , enables you to know your role and responsibilities, knowing your own level of competence and skills, to know your job description Describe two types of working relationship in health and social care settings Relationships are probably the most involved and emotionally charged area of our lives. From the moment we are born we form relationships, each one requiring something different from us and giving us something different in return. In the health and social care setting there are many different working relationships. These relationships will include: colleagues, manager, other professionals such as doctors/district nurse, service users and their family and friends Describe why it is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role It is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role as this sets out boundaries in your job role, enables you to know your role and responsibilities. Knowing your own level of competence and skills, knowing your job description. How do you access full and up to date details of agreed ways of working in your line of work? Agreed ways of working is working within the rules set out by your employer. Following policies and procedures of the company. Important to have up to date agreed ways of working as there may be changes in policies within the law. Your company may have to implement them to help protect the vulnerable Explain two way it is important agreed ways of working at your work place When people are deeply upset about something, they need to get their story out. This is a basic principle of mediation and one that’s important to remember. Often in a conflict, the parties are so focused on minutiae that they lose sight of the big picture and its implications. As the mediator, you need to bring people back to reality by wrenching their attention away from the grain of sand and having them focus on the whole beach. Doing so may help resolution arrive at a startling speed. Explain two way it is important to work in partnership with others Partnership can be formed between a number of individuals, agencies or organisations with a shared interest. Partnerships are often formed to address specific issues and have a common reason for working together and could often formed to target a short or long term issues. In order to achieve a good partnership partners need to communicate, co-ordinate, co- operate. There are two types of partnership working: multi agency working and integrated working. Multi agency working and an integrated working Identify skills and approaches needed for resolving conflicts Increased understanding: The discussion needed to resolve conflict expands peoples awareness of the situation, giving them an insight into how they can achieve their own goals without undermining those of other people. Increased group cohesion: When conflict is resolved effectively, team members can develop stronger mutual respect, and a renewed faith in their ability to work together. Improved self-knowledge: Conflict pushes individuals to examine their goals in close detail, helping them understand the things that are most important to them, sharpening their focus, and enhancing their effectiveness. Define person centred values Person centred values means the people whom we support are able to be involved and included in every aspect of their care and support. For example: * their needs,* Assessments, * Care delivery, and, * Support planning. EXPLAIN WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO WORK IN A WAY THAT EMBEDS PERSON CENTRED VALUES. It is important to do this as person centred approaches, policies and procedures, as well as care practices should always put the people whom we support at the centre of the day-to-day activities, as well as including the residents and their families in the planning and maintaini ng of this. Explain why risk taking can be part of a person centred approach Taking risks means that you are able to choose and be in control of what you do. You need to ensure that concerns about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A risk assessment can always be carried out to see if it is possible for someone to do something that they thought would not be possible. Explain how using an individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person centred way Using an individuals care plan will ensure that the persons own needs and wishes are being met, rather than offering them a choice of what is available. Using their care plan, you can build on what they want and see where there are gaps that need to be addressed. How do you find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of the individual? 1. You need to know their history because it may affect their care plan for example a client (service user) who has been abused will need extra support. This also includes all past health issues and possible behaviour. 2. Part of working for equality and a high standard of care it is essential that client’s wishes are expressed. This is like anyone else on the planet. A major part of the wishes possess involves their deaths i. e. , would they like to buried, would they like someone to have some of their possessions. 3. To be able to formulate a care plan you must first find out what level of care a client needs going on their individual needs. Some clients may need extra support with washing/dressing. Other may need extra therapies such as hydro or music. How do you apply person centred values in day today work taking into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of the individual? Government policy should be founded on a clear, ambitious and measurable goal to improve the experience of patients and service users and to be delivered by a defined date. Setting an ambitious goal to improve patient experience should be reinforced by enhanced guarantees to patients with complex needs. These guarantees would include an entitlement to an agreed care plan, a named case manager responsible for co-ordinating care, and access to tableware and a personal health budget where appropriate. Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support It is important to establish consent because it is a basic human right for everyone to have the choice. Much of the treatment or support the individual receives is either invasive or personal, so consent is essential as it protects providers against legal challenge. Asking for consent is also part of the codes of practice for social care. Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established A capacity assessment by a qualified professional should be carried out to see if the individual has the capacity to make decisions. These steps should be taken by professionals as stated in five principles set on in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Describe how active participation benefits an individual Active participation is an approach that enables individuals to be included in their care and have a greater say in how they live their life in ways that matter to them. The benefits of active participation can be divided into primary benefits and secondary benefits. Identify three possible barriers to active participation Physical benefits including greater activity levels. Increased independence and autonomy in what people do. An opportunity for individuals in health and social care settings to have a say in matters of direct concern to their lives. Support an individual to make informed choices Learning to communicate in an effective way and using this to inform the client of all possible choices. Everyone on this planet can communicate in one form or another you need to take the time to learn how every individual client communicates. Explain how you can use agreed risk assessments Process to support the right to make choices People who work in health and social care constitute a large and diverse workforce looking after a predominantly vulnerable population. Employees have the right to work in a healthy and safe workplace, and the people using services are entitled to care and support that is safe and takes their needs, freedom and dignity into account. Explain why a worker’s personal view should not influence an individual’s choices The consequences are that the individual making the choice may make a decision that they might later regret or worse, that has a devastating impact on their life. A person should never make a decision based purely on the personal views of others but should instead gather all the available information and decide for themselves what course of action is right for them its a case of what is good for the goose isnt always good for the gander. Describe how support an individual to question or challenge decisions conceding them that are made by others They have the right to make their own choices and decisions under the Human Rights Act, as long as the decisions they make do not put them at risk of harm or injury and they have the mental capacity to make them. You could support them to question or challenge by speaking on their behalf but you would need to know exactly what their wishes are, and record it for them to sign. Explain how individual identity and self-esteem are linked with well being Because if you dont feel good about yourself or dont have a sense of purpose or identity you tend to feel more depressed therefore your wellbeing will be effected Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well being Using what service in adult care? Do you mean the service OF adult care? Those who give care should show respect for the elderly; be courteous, but also be friendly. Call the person by his/her last name unless invited to use the first. Dont assume that ALL elderly people have forgotten everything they ever knew and are only good at bingo anymore. Support an individual in a way that promotes a sense of identity and self-esteem The first thing is that the person is an individual in their own right you need to understand what they are about and not judge, pick the bright nuggets of information and use this as a a springboard to encourage self-esteem and their self-image. As they talk about themselves you will be able to get a sense of self and where they are in their image. You need to feedback to them what was said as positive rather than the negative if they say Ii am always failing reply with really, you at least have the guts to try something out of your comfort zone not everyone can do it the negatives must be turned to positives but it takes time and consistency and as their self-worth and esteem improves you will find they will need less and less re-enforcing Demonstrate ways to contribute to an environment that promotes wellbeing Donation centres have drop-off points for returning old things for sale to help charitable areas. The scouts, Goodwill stores do these things. Roadside, creek, gulley, beach and parks welcome clean-up crews: volunteers who help together to pick up careless refuse, windblown trash. Identify legislation relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting Legislations/codes of practice relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting are: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974; Riddor 1995, COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health); Manual Handling operations regulations 1992; Health And Safety (First aid regulations 1981); Fire protection (Workplace) Regulations 1997; Food Safety Act 1990; Personal Protective Equipment and Management of Health and safety at work regulations 1999. Describe two main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 is the main piece of legislation that covers work related health and safety in the workplace. The main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer are Minimum handling and lifting; Ensure handling and lifting is carried out correctly and safely; Making sure all materials/equipment that is needed to be used is handled, stored and used safely; To be aware of any potential hazards and risks and how to reduce to liability of any accidents occurring; To be responsible for your own welfare and the welfare of others you are looking after; To wear the correct PPE at all times; Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of: Self The employer or manager Other in the work setting The main responsibilities for yourself whilst at work in a health and social care setting are to not put yourself or others at risk, to report any hazards or unsafe conditions, to co-operate with your employers, to not tamper with or misuse equipment provided, to attend training, be aware of and follow policies and procedures. Identify tasks relating to health and safety that should not be carried out without special training It generally takes special training to repair teeth. Prescribing medicine takes special training also. Explain how to access additional support and important relating to health and safety 1. Protect service users from harm and abuse 2. Be personally fit at work 3. Maintain health and safety at work 4. Assess risk associated with work 5. Report incidents at work Exampling why it is important to access health and safety hazards posed but the working set or by particular activities Than the individual will know how to behave when it comes to that specific situation Explain how and when to report potential health and safety risks that have been identified You should report it immediately to your supervisor. You do not need to wait for an inspection team to come by. In fact, health and safety legislation requires employees to report hazards to their supervisor. Explain how risk assessments can help address dilemmas between rights and health and safety concerns This follows from the previous dilemma question. Carrying out a risk assessment supports the individual to have their choice met in the safest way possible. For example, Freda doesnt want to use her Zimmer frame any more. A risk assessment might show her that she cant walk safely without some support, however she can manage with two sticks and she agrees to compromise. You have supported her rights of choice and kept her as safe as you can under your duty of care. Describe different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in own work setting Cuts and burns etc. in the kitchen, falls, back injuries though poor lifting techniques, strokes, heart attacks, diabetic emergencies, asthma attacks, allergic reactions and so on. Outline the procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur Procedures to be followed: ensuring and maintaining safety for individuals concerned and others e. g.clearing the area, safely moving equipment if possible; remaining calm; sending for help; assessing the individual for injuries; administering basic first aid if necessary and if trained to do so; staying with the injured/sick individual until help arrives; observing and noting any changes in condition; providing a full verbal report to relevant medical staff or others; completing a full written report and relevant documentation e. g. acci dent report, incident report; understanding the policies, procedures and agreed ways of working for the work setting Identify legislation that relates to moving and handling This remains the basis of health and safety legislation, and Sets out the general duties which employers have towards employees and members of the public, and employees have to themselves and to each other (HSE, 1996) HSE leaflet Health and Safety Regulation (HSC 13) 1996 The Act states that employers must ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of their employees whilst at work and any other persons affected by their business activities. The Act is a general piece of legislation and not specific to moving and handling so is not considered here in detail. Explain principles for moving and handling equipment and other objects safely The Manual Handling Operations Regulations define it as any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or by bodily force. In effect, any activity that requires an individual to lift, move or support a load, will be classified as a manual handling task. Identify three hazardous substances and materials that may be found in the working setting Asphyxiates Pesticides Medicines Cosmetics or Substances produced in the chemical processes Storing hazardous substances Using hazardous substances Substituting it with another substance which presents less, or no risk; Using another process which doesnt create a hazardous form of that substance. Disposing of hazardous substances and materials asbestos lead-acid batteries used engine oils and oil filters oily sludge’s solvents and solvent-based substances chemical wastes pesticides fluorescent light tubes Starting Good practice in health and safety is good for your business – and its the law. HSE is here to help – our online advice and tools can help save you time and effort getting started. Spreading Outline emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a fire in the work setting How you react in the event of fire depends on how well you have prepared for a fire emergency. Therefore, departments should ensure that all employees are familiar with the procedure to follow in the event of an emergency as outlined in the Universitys Emergency Plan. Explain why it is important to have security systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting Mainly because of HIPPA (Health Insurance Accounting and Portability Act) laws, which are designed to protect the medical records information of all patients. Because of HIPPA, hospital computer systems are accessed by employees via passwords, and unless an employee is entering or legitimately looking up information on a patient, that employee is not allowed to snoop through that patients records on a whim. Describe how to access guidance information and advice about handling information in your line of work ineffective or insufficiently trained management unfair treatment unclear job roles poor communications poor work environment lack of equal opportunities bullying and harassment unresolved problems from the past an increase in workload Explain what actions to take at working when there are concerns ever over the recording, storing or sharing of information The Data Protection Act requires you to process personal data fairly and lawfully. This section explains how to comply with this requirement, and gives examples of good practice in handling personal data. Explain employee’s roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection Prevention and control of infection The employee’s role and responsibilities include: To ensure that their own health and hygiene not pose a risk to service users and colleagues To ensure effective hand washing is carried out when working with service users, giving personal care, handling/preparing food. To ensure they use protective clothing provided when needed and appropriate. Explain employer’s responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection Employers’ roles and responsibilities include: making sure employees are aware of the health and safety aspects of their work (e. g. posting information on notice boards, keeping an information file such as COSHH, training, and providing supervision) the need to keep records in relation to infection control using appropriate documentation to ensure that the relevant standards, policies and guidelines are available within the workplace Outline current legislation and regulatory body standards when are relevant to the prevention and control of infection relevant to the preventions and control infection The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Both employers and employees are responsible for their own actions in the Work place. All reasonable steps should be taken when carrying out your work duties and all staff should have adequate health and safety training, and measures should be taken to ensure that policies and procedures are in place and adhered to. Describe how local and organizational policies relevant to the prevention and control of the infection Employees rights and responsibilities in the relation to the prevention and control of infection are to follow company’s policies and procedures, keep themselves safe and others, report any hazards which could lead to infection, attend relevant courses, use the PPE provided, keeping the work environment clean and tidy and to maintain good personal hygiene Describe procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and control of infection Food handling, waste disposal, cross infection through skin contact or unclean equipment etc., but mainly poor practice. Illness or death, inquiry, loss of registration, criminal charges. Think about PPI, waste disposal, hand washing, cleaning and decontamination, risk assessments etc. Infection protection and control policy, health and safety policy, dealing with accidents and emergencies policy, first aid policy, food hygiene policy, medica tion (handling meds) policy etc. Explain the potential impact of an outbreak of infection on the individual and the organizational Individual Short or long term illness, secondary conditions or further complications, depression, loss of trust in setting, death. Organisation sanctions, loss of reputation and trust, closure, prosecution. Environment distress of staff, individuals and families, unsettled atmosphere though loss of trust, disruption e. g. through an investigation and inspection or decontamination. Define the term risk A situation involving exposure to danger. Outline potential risks of infection within the workplace the first part of your question relates to local policies which are dictated by local peoples views on what is important to them as well as what the professionals think is important local and organisational policies have to consider local need and available local facilities. Describe the processes of carrying out a risk assessment 1. Identify the hazards 2. Decide who might be harmed and how 3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precaution 4. Record your findings and implement them 5. Review your assessment and update if necessary Explain the importance of carrying out a risk assessment Identify hazards. Analyse or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things, situations, processes, etc. that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening. Describe three different types of PPE and three USE PPE is equipment that will protect the user against health or safety risks at work. It can include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses. It also includes respiratory protective equipment (RPE). State current relevant regulations and legislation relating PPE * Gloves- protect hands * Gowns/aprons-protect skin and/or clothing * Masks and respirators- protect mouse/ * Respirators- protect respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents. * Goggles- protect eyes * Face shields- protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes. Describe employer’s responsibilities regarding the use of PPE * It is the responsibility of employees to Ensure that they take reasonable care to protect their own health and safety and that of their co-workers and other persons in or near the workplace; * Report to management any hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions or risks that they identify in their work environment. * Participate in training provided by the employer, regarding the appropriate use, care, and maintenance of PPE. Describe employees in the application and removal of PPE The primary methods for preventing employee exposure to hazardous materials are engineering and administrative controls. Where these control methods are not appropriate or sufficient to control the hazard, personal protective equipment (PPE) is required. A work area assessment is required to determine the potential hazards and select the appropriate PPE for adequate protection. Employees must receive training which includes the proper PPE for their job, when this PPE must be worn, how to wear, adjust, maintain, and discard this equipment, and the limitations of the PPE. All training must be documented. Describe the current practices in the application and removal of PPE PPE such as gloves, aprons and masks are single use items and should be disposed of after each procedure or activity to prevent cross-transmission of micro-organisms. When these items are worn primarily to protect the wearer, the importance of their prompt removal between tasks on the same patient/client or between patients can easily be overlooked and give rise to the possibility of contamination. Describe the current procedures for disposal of used PPE Personal protective equipment – known as ‘PPE’ – is used to protect health care workers while performing specific tasks that might involve them coming into contact with infectious materials. Describe key principles of good personal hygiene Their hands are washed after theyve used the toilet Their genitals and anal area are washed every day Their face is washed daily They’re fully bathed or showered at least twice a week Describe the correct sequence for hand washing and when and why hand washing should be carried out the beginning of the shift preparing, handling and eating food donning gloves any patient contact clean/aseptic procedures entering/leaving clinical areas entering/leaving isolation cubicles preparing/giving medications using a computer keyboard in a clinical area Describe the types of products that should be used for hand washing The main products currently in use are: Soap Aqueous antiseptic hand wash solutions Alcohol-based hand rubs Others including emollient soap substitute, tea tree-oil based solutions, water-based solutions and hand wipes. Describe correct procedures that relates to skin care Work-related skin problems are very common. Although skin problems can happen in most workplaces, certain jobs present a higher risk, e. g. the health and social care sector.

Embryo Research :: Science Arguemtative Argument Papers

Embryo Research as a Paradigm of Ethical Pragmatics Research on the human embryo is one of the most obstinately controversial issues of international bioethical debate. There has not been enough of a consensus on this issue to allow for more than a formal compromise within Europe. I argue in this paper for a pragmatic approach to the problem which accords priority to "want-regarding" considerations but does not fail, as most utilitarian approaches do, to give due weight to the "morality-dependent harms" caused by the practice of embryo research to those rejecting it from other than want-regarding principles. I suggest that in deeply controversial bioethical issues a consistent want-regarding perspective should be prepared, under certain narrow conditions, to make pragmatic trade-offs between the inherent merits of the practice in question and the averse emotions of the public. These conditions are that the averse emotions are widespread, felt to be of existential importance, and stable under additional information, and that the costs in terms of reduced freedom and foregone humane progress do not seem excessive. Research on the human embryo is one of the most obstinately controversial issues of international bioethical debate. There has been not enough of a consensus on this issue to allow for more than a formal compromise even within Europe. In Germany, embryo research has been strictly prohibited since the Embryo Protection Act came into force in 1990. In other countries, such as Great Britain, research on the human embryo is permitted under certain narrowly defined conditions. But even in the countries with a ban on embryo research so much political pressure is exercised for a less rigid policy especially by medical and biological researchers that there is reason to doubt whether the ban on embryo research will be maintained in the long run. What is interesting about the debate from a philosophical point of view is the remarkable absence, for most of the time, of clear and stringent principles. Thus, there is some kind of consensus, at least in Europe, that human embryos should not be produced for research purposes. If embryos are made the objects of research at all they should be "supernumerary" embryos coming from in vitro fertilisations which have aimed at implantation in the maternal womb but which, for some reason or other, have not been used for this purpose. Even if there is an obvious moral difference between, one the one

Food and Agriculture Organization Essay

* FAO emblem with its Latin motto, Fiat Panis (â€Å"Let there be bread†) * Organization type – Specialized Agency * Head – Josà © Graziano da Silva (current) * Established – 16 October 1945 in Quebec City, Canada * Headquarters – Rome, Italy * Parent organization – ECOSOC (The world’s economic, social and environmental challenges are ECOSOC’s concern. A founding UN Charter body established in 1946, the Council is the place where such issues are discussed and debated, and policy recommendations issued.) * Members – 191 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. * Website – www.fao.org The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO acts as a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. It is also a source of knowledge and information, and helps developing countries and countries in transition modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fishery practices, ensuring good nutrition and food security for all. FAO’s Goal Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), specialized United Nations agency whose main goal is to eliminate hunger on a world scale. The organization’s mandate is to: * raise levels of nutrition * improve agricultural productivity * better the lives of rural populations * contribute to the growth of the world economy History of FAO * 1943 Representatives from forty-four governments gathered at the Homestead Hotel, Hot Springs, Virginia (United States), from May 18 to June 3, commit themselves to founding a permanent organization for food and agriculture. * 1945 First session of FAO Conference, Quebec City, Canada, establishes FAO as a specialized United Nations agency. * 1962 The FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission established to set international food standards becomes operational. * 1976 FAO’s Technical Cooperation Program established to afford greater flexibility in responding to urgent situations. * 1981 The first World Food Day observed on 16 October by more than 150 countries. * 1986 AGROSTAT (now FAOSTAT), the world’s most comprehensive source of agricultural information and statistics, becomes operational. * 1994 * Special Program for Food Security (SPFS)   * Emergency Prevention System for Trans boundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases (EMPRES) * 1996 FAO hosts 186 Heads of State or Government and other high officials at World Food Summit in November to discuss and combat world hunger. * 1997 FAO launches campaign against hunger initiative TeleFood. TeleFood ’97 reaches a global audience of 500 million. * 2006 FAO unveils its high-tech Crisis Management Centre to fight bird flu and other animal health or food safety emergencies. The service monitors disease outbreaks and dispatches experts to any hot spot in the world in less than 48 hours. Representatives of 96 FAO member countries at the International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, in Brazil, make a joint declaration recognizing the role of agrarian reform and rural development for sustainable development. * 2008 FAO holds a high-level conference on 3–5 June on the impact of climate change and the bio fuel boom on food security and food prices. Attended by 43 heads of state and 100 government ministers, the conference adopted a resolution to increase assistance and investment in developing world agriculture. * 2009 As the number of hungry reached 1.02 billion, FAO holds a World Summit on Food Security on 16-18 November to inject new urgency into the fight against hunger. Sixty heads of state and government and 192 ministers unanimously adopt a declaration pledging renewed commitment to eradicate hunger from the Earth at the earliest date * 2011 In a historic victory of veterinary science, FAO and OIE announced that thanks to a decades-long international cooperative effort, the fatal cattle disease known as rinderpest had successfully been eradicated in the wild. In July, FAO declared a state of famine in two regions of Somalia and appealed for US$120 million for response to the drought across the Horn of Africa. FAO Member countries elected Josà © Graziano da Silva of Brazil as Director-General, to take office in January 2012. Structure and Finance 1. Members – An intergovernmental organization, FAO has 191 Member Nations as of 2008, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. 2. Governance – Representatives of members meet at the biennial FAO Conference to review global governance policy issues and international frameworks, as well as to evaluate work carried out and to approve the budget for the next biennium. The Conference elects Council Members, to serve three-year rotating terms to carry out executive oversight of program and budgetary activities. The Conference also elects a Director-General to a four year term of office, renewable once. The current Director-General, Josà © Graziano da Silva, assumed his functions on 1 January 2012 for a term which expires on 31 July 2015. 3. Departments FAO is composed of eight departments: Administration and Finance, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, Economic and Social Development, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Forestry, Knowledge and Communication, Natural Resource Management and Technical Cooperation. 4. Offices Besides its headquarters in Rome, FAO is present in over 130 countries. The decentralized network includes five regional offices, 11 sub regional offices, two multidisciplinary teams, 74 fully fledged country offices (excluding those hosted in regional and sub regional offices), eight offices with technical officers/FAO Representatives, and 36 countries covered through multiple accreditation. In addition, the Organization maintains five liaison offices and four information offices in developed countries. 5. Programs and projects In 2010, FAO implemented programs and projects with a total value of US$903 million. About four percent are funded by assessed contributions through the FAO Technical Cooperation Program (TCP) and the Special Program for Food Security (SPFS). The remaining 96 percent are funded from voluntary contributions, through the Government Cooperative Program (44 percent), Unilateral Trust Fund (UTF) (six percent), and other forms of Trust Funds (46 percent) that include UN Joint Programs. * Right to Food Guidelines * Response to food crisis * FAO–EU partnership * Food security programs * Emergency response * Early warning of food emergencies * Integrated pest management * Trans boundary pests and diseases * International Plant Protection Convention * Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building * Codex Alimentarius 6. Funding and expenditure FAO’s overall program of work is funded by assessed and voluntary contributions. The assessed contributions are member countries’ contributions, set at the biennial FAO Conference. The FAO regular budget for the 2010-2011 bienniums is US$1 billion. The voluntary contributions provided by members and other partners support technical and emergency (including rehabilitation) assistance to governments, as well as direct support to FAO’s core work. The voluntary contributions are expected to exceed US$1.2 billion in 2010-11. Budget FAO’s Regular Program budget is funded by its members, through contributions set at the FAO Conference. This budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships including the Technical Cooperation Program, knowledge exchange, policy and advocacy, direction and administration, governance and security. This overall budget covers core technical work, cooperation and partnerships, leading to Food and Agriculture Outcomes by 71%; Core Functions by 11%; the Country Office Network by 5%; Capital and Security Expenditure by 2%; Administration by 6%; and Technical and Cooperation Program by 5%. FAO’s activities comprise four main areas: * Putting information within reach. FAO serves as a knowledge network. We use the expertise of our staff – agronomists, foresters, fisheries and livestock specialists, nutritionists, social scientists, economists, statisticians and other professionals – to collect, analyze and disseminate data that aid development. A million times a month, someone visits the FAO Internet site to consult a technical document or read about our work with farmers. We also publish hundreds of newsletters, reports and books, distribute several magazines, create numerous CD-ROMS and host dozens of electronic forum. * Sharing policy expertise. FAO lends its years of experience to member countries in devising agricultural policy, supporting planning, drafting effective legislation and creating national strategies to achieve rural development and hunger alleviation goals. * Providing a meeting place for nations. On any given day, dozens of policy-makers and experts from around the globe convene at headquarters or in our field offices to forge agreements on major food and agriculture issues. As a neutral forum, FAO provides the setting where rich and poor nations can come together to build common understanding. * Bringing knowledge to the field. Our breadth of knowledge is put to the test in thousands of field projects throughout the world. FAO mobilizes and manages millions of dollars provided by industrialized countries, development banks and other sources to make sure the projects achieve their goals. FAO provides the technical know-how and in a few cases is a limited source of funds. In crisis situations, we work side-by-side with the World Food Program and other humanitarian agencies to protect rural livelihoods and help people rebuild their lives.

Four Rightly Guided Caliphs Essay

Muhammad’s mission, like many other prophets, was to call people to the worship and submission of the one true God. After his death this mission was left to those whom followed his teachings. Those who truly followed in the Prophet’s foot steps were proclaimed The Rightly Guided Caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, Uthman and Ali, and were the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, all of which were amongst the earliest and closest companions of the Prophet Muhammad. Each of these Caliphs contributed greatly to the development of Islam as well as the contradictory emergence of the Sunni and Shi’ite schism. Abu Bakr was the first of the four Caliphs and ruled from 632-634 A. C. Abu Bakr was unfortunate to have the burden of leadership placed on him during the most sensitive of Muslim times. Since the death of Muhammad was quickly spreading, many Muslims and tribes decided to rebel, refusing to pay Zakat. Also, many claimed that the prophethood of Muhammad had been placed on them, this only made the tribes revolt stronger. He had to deal with the threat of two powerful empires, the Roman Empire and the Persian, of which threatened Islamic state in Medina. Abu Bakr himself led a charge against the revolting tribes who attacked Medina and forced them to retreat. Although the threat of the Roman army still remained, Muhammad had already sent out an army and when he died, Abu Bakr took over. With fierce determination he said â€Å"I shall send Usama’s army on its way as ordered by the Prophet, even if I am left alone. † Throughout the rule of Abu Bakr, troops went from one victory to another from attacking Romans. Another contribution of the Caliph was that he encouraged many of Muhammad’s friends to commit his teachings to memory. Memories all of which were written down to form the Qu’ran. All together without his leadership; the people of Islamic faith would have gone riot. He helped restore stability to the Islamic people. On top of this, he contributed to the writing of the Qu’ran and the keeping of the people safe with all his military forces. During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr, ‘Umar was his closest assistant and adviser. When Abu Bakr died on the 23rd of August 643 A. C, all the people of Medina swore allegiance to ‘Umar who became the second Caliph. Upon taking charge ‘Uman spoke to the people with conviction and said â€Å"O people, remain conscious of God, forgive me my faults and help me in my task. Assist me in enforcing what is good and forbidding what is evil. Advise me regarding the obligations that have been imposed upon me by God†¦ † ‘Umar did exactly that. He enforced the good and forbade evil. Within the first years of his leadership he completed Islam’s conquest of Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt and Persia. During ‘Umar’s Caliphate, he was majorly responsible for the vast expansion of Islam and was considered a highly effective military leader. He also commanded the construction of the Mosque, also know as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. When ‘Umar returned to Medina from Hajj he raised his hands and prayed, â€Å"O God! I am advanced in years, my bones are weary, my powers are declining, and the people for whom I am responsible have spread far and wide. Summon me back to Thyself, my lord! † Before his death, ‘Umar went to a Mosque to lead in prayer where he was attacked and stabbed several time and fell under the assassins dagger. Before he died, the people asked him to nominate his successor. Umar appointed a committee of the Prophets followers to appoint the leader among themselves. ‘Umar died in the first week of Muharram, 24 A and Uthman was appointed as his successor. Uthman became the Third Rightly Guided Caliph in 644 A. C. From all the Caliphs he was the one more interest in religion than politics. During his Caliphate he completed the compilation of the Qur’an that still remains till today. Uthman ruled for twelve years, the first six years were marked to have been filled with peace and tranquility. The second half of his rule took a brutal turn. Rebellion rose, the Jews and the Magians were taking advantage of the whispers that were passing among the people and began conspiring against Uthman. Although with the size of his army he could have stopped all of them, he remembered the words of Muhammad, â€Å"Once the sword is unsheathed among my followers, it will not be sheathed until the Last Day. † Uthman didn’t want to be the first of the Caliphs to spill the blood of Muslims, so instead he tried to reason with them. This hardly did him any good and after a long battle the rebels broke into his home and murdered him. The last words Uthman spoke were that of the Qur’an 2:137, which speaks of God being all hearing and all knowing. He took his last breath on the Friday afternoon of June 656 A. C Ali, the cousin of the Prophet Muhammad himself was the final Caliph. At first he was very much reluctant to take the position but after he was urged by the other companions of the Prophet he accepted. Ali was responsible for the tradition of scholarship, although he too was assassinated. During his Caliphate internal tensions in the Muslim communities came to surface which lead to a period of civil war and political conflicts which ultimately led to the split in Muslims allegiances. This now known as the Sunni and Shi’ite schism. The differences between Sunni and Shi’ia Muslims are not in the written word, but rather they have political differences centred around who should be recognised as the leader of the Muslim community. The Sunni’s make up an estimate of 90% of Muslims in the world today and they believe that the leader of Muslims should be chosen among the descendants of the tribe of Muhammad, the Quraish tribe but not necessarily from the family of Muhammad. The world ‘Sunni’ itself mean tradition and in turn means that they support the Caliphate of all the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs. The Shi’ites on the other hand only make up 10% of the Muslim population and the word Shi’ite means ‘the party of Ali’ and they believe that the leader of the Muslim community must be a descendent of the Prophet Muhammad, the official term of a blood relative being ‘Imam’. This meaning out of all the Caliphs they only support the rule of Ali. Every single Caliph had an important part to play in the development of Islam and many people have them to thank for their religion and faith being as strong as it is today. Each of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs contributed to the safety and growth of Islam. Although with the split of Muslims that result of the Sunni and Shi’ite schism, everything was eventually kept under control. If conflicts do arise between the two, it will never result in another civil war as they have learnt from the past of the devastations it can cause.

Was the Conservative party essays

Was the Conservative party essays In the aftermath of the First World War British politics faced a seismic change in the new electoral system that the 1918 General Election represented. In truth the first genuinely universal election of MPs across the UK was not until this year - when the franchise was vastly, and far more thoroughly than say the 1867 Reform Act, extended; not only this, but for the first time women over the age of 30 were also allocated voting powers. What this effectively meant was that the working class were finally granted an electoral voice for the first time in British history. Thus, we might presume, the Labour Party - the voice of the progressive and self-proclaimed representatives of the workers - would seize power at the cost of the Conservatives - who many see as merely the voice of the landed gentry. In fact, this was not the case: not only did the Tories manage to survive the advent of class politics (much at the expense of the middle-class Liberal party), but it also came to dominat e the new political arena. In fact, bar a brief ten months during 1924, a Conservative Party leader was Prime Minister of the country or a Conservative majority sat in the House of Commons, or both, from 1918 until the Tories humiliation at the second post-war election of 1945. Thus we can easily deduce that the Conservative Party did indeed survive the advent of class politics. What we must thus consider is why this happened. Why did the party of the upper classes so persuade the working class vote so as to win (at least some of) their vote? In examining this we shall indeed see that a combination of factors attributed to this - good fortune and political skill on the part of the Conservative hierarchy together with the nature of the working class vote in the inter-war period. Once we have evaluated these three factors, we shall conclude that in truth not one single dynamic stands out as being of singular importance, but ra...

Symbolic and Important

Symbolic and Important Symbolic and Important Symbolic and Important By Maeve Maddox A reader brought the following quotation from a statement by the United Food and Commercial Workers (UFCW) to my attention: Among the five stores was the Pico Rivera, California Walmart Supercenter, which has been [a] hotbed for worker action. The store is also of symbolic important to the low-wage worker movement I assumed that the adjective important must have been a simple typo for the noun importance, but when I looked for the construction on the Web, I found enough examples to conclude that some speakers may be using the combination â€Å"symbolic important† intentionally: But even outside consideration of annual cycles, four and twelve have great symbolic important.  - The Greathouse [Publishing] Company. Some places also have  symbolic important  for us, as cultural assets, symbolic referents.  - Healthy Living Centres, Geoffey Purves, Taylor Francis, 2007. This film is of highly  symbolic important  because its scenes and juxtapositions are abbreviated rather than carried toward their most logical extension.- The Men Inside, Barry N. Malzberg, Orion Publishing Group, 2011. The Symbolic Important  of Birds in the Quran: Implications for Science and  Technology. - Article title in IFE Journal of Religions, Vol. 6, No2, 2010. In some ways, Varner is right. Japanese defense planners have attached a symbolic important to certain US weapons. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Something can be both symbolic and important, but not â€Å"of symbolic important.† When someone describes an event or action as being â€Å"of symbolic importance,† the usual meaning is, â€Å"important, but of little practical effect.† Used to describe an object or a place, the phrase means â€Å"important emotionally.† For example: The nine-day visit of the U.S. president to China is only of symbolic importance, especially for the Chinese. No breakthrough is expected of the visit in tackling any of the problematic issues, although there are plenty of them.   The Royal Air Force will hold a service for personnel and families at Lincoln Cathedral, a place of great symbolic importance for the RAF. Another possibility does exist that might explain this strange use of the adjective important in place of the noun importance in the phrase â€Å"symbolic importance.† The error may arise from the use of voice transcription. For example, I found the error in the transcription of an interview on the National Public Radio site. Michel Martin is asking Sylvia Poggioli about an upcoming visit of Israeli and Palestinian leaders to the Vatican: MARTIN: What is the symbolic important of this? In the recorded interview, Martin clearly says â€Å"importance.† If you use the expression when dictating to a voice transcription app, be sure to double-check your spelling in the final draft. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Punctuate References to Dates and TimesConfusing "Passed" with "Past"10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Canadas Electoral System at the Federal level. Political Participation Essay

Canadas Electoral System at the Federal level. Political Participation in Canada - Essay Example This has not been the situation in Canada. Appointive change has been an exceedingly wrangled about the issue all through Canadian legislative issues. As of now, Canada's appointive framework is being addressed for its powerlessness to mirror the political perspectives of its residents. The single member plurality system (SMP), which Canada utilizes to create a just election, can make agents be chosen without most of the well-known votes. Interestingly, the arrangement of proportional representation disposes of a disparity in parliament synthesis by guaranteeing representation from each gathering that got votes. Despite the fact that this framework would unavoidably bring about minority governments, it would properly take into account the perspectives of the constituents. To create a more successful government, Canada's single member plurality framework ought to be supplanted by an arrangement of proportional representation (PR). Single Member Plurality framework vs Proportional Representation Canada's present single member plurality appointive framework is frequently depicted as a "first past the post† framework. The path, in which this framework capacity works, is that every voter is permitted one vote and the competitor with the most votes (or a majority) gets to be chosen. Then again, proportional representation can be expert through a large number of discretionary strategies. However, for accommodation, we will concentrate essentially on the two most outstanding frameworks: party list framework, and mixed member proportionality. Finally, we will conclude with answering which electoral system would be best for Canada at the federal level?