Digestion and diseases of Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Processing and sicknesses of - Term Paper Example Absorption is an intricate procedure including mechanical and compound procedures. Distinctive complex particles in our food are dealt with diversely by our stomach related framework, contingent on its arrangement, for example, fats, proteins, starches, nutrients and minerals and so on. Every one of these mixes are significant as they give wellspring of vitality, for protein making, for development and for all the exercises that we convey. The absorption begins from the mouth by biting of food called rumination. A cephalic stage begins in which a sign is moved to stomach covering to deliver corrosive. The chemicals and salivation (delivered by salivary organs for soaking the food) additionally enters the mind boggling food particles. The starch and fats starts to breakdown directly from the mouth because of salivation. The throat moves the bit food to the stomach, and this inadequate boundary may make the corrosive in stomach come up to the throat and cause an illness called gastro e sophageal reflux infection (GERD) which is basic these days. The stomach comprises of fundus, body and antrum. The gastric stage begins when food goes into an enormous body called stomach. Here, the proteins begin to separate to shape peptides and acidic conditions in stomach forestall the microorganisms for additional tainting. The fundus lining in the stomach produce hydrochloric corrosive when as the food enter in the covering of stomach, and by this corrosive the de naturation of proteins happen. The pepsinogen gets actuated as pepsin after the arrangement of hydrochloric corrosive. The gastric lipase further hydrolyzes the fats in the stomach. The anturm balances out the corrosive delivered and is a site for the granulating activity. Food going through pyrolic sphincter to the small digestive system is called ring, while at the same time going through the pyrolic sphincter, small digestive tract reenacts hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, further bringing about the arrival of pancreatic juice from pancreas. The food enters the small digestive tract that is broadened and has expanded surface territory for ingestion. It contains collapsing called plicae, villi and microvilli. The sucrose, maltase and lactose hydrolyze di sugars. In the area called duodenum, the bicarbonates blend in with toll diminishing its corrosiveness. The pancreatic squeeze likewise helps in absorption. Iron and calcium are taken in duodenum, while most minerals and nutrients are caught up in jejunum. The starch likewise processed in duodenum and jejunum. The liver produces bile that solubilizes fat. The ileums being the last piece of small digestive system do the last assimilation. Toward the finish of this procedure, 90 percent of food is processed. The internal organ saves the water and salts. The rest of the strands in internal organ may stay there for as long as 3 days. After the entire procedure, the undesirable food is crapped outside the body, from colon to rectum and after ward out of the body. The digestion tracts are the significant piece of gastro intestinal (G.I) tract on the grounds that a large portion of the assimilation and processing is done in digestive organs, so it has imperative significance in our body. Digestion tracts are partitioned into small digestive tract and internal organ. The life structures discloses to us that from which cells, the small digestion tracts are comprised of and afterward talk about the physiological pretended by digestive organs. Small digestive system is that bit of digestive tract which is associated with stomach and food substance from stomach come into internal organ through small digestive tract. Here, ingestion, blending and processing happens. Small digestive tract

Mariah carey Essay Example For Students

Mariah carey Essay Mariah Carey is diva. Her hits have traversed two decades and have broken records since quite a while ago held by music heavyweights like the Beatles and one Elvis Presley. Her shows have developed exponentially and she consistenly sells out scenes over the globe. Her prosperity has permitted her to toss a great many dollars around as though it were negligible money. In any case, she demands, shes still only a young lady from New York. Mariah experienced childhood with Long Island, little girl to dedicated guardians. Her dad Alfred Roy, half Venezuelan, and her mom Patricia, Irish, imparted solid qualities in their infant Mariah. Life was intense for Mariah, however she kept her jawline up. She worked her way through Oldfield Middle School and graduated Harborfield High School at 17, and after one day she moved to New York City. Mariah had overwhelming joy in her heart and an amazing voice backing up those fantasies. She is known for an eight octave voice level, something about unparallel in the music business. In any case, as anybody whos worked in the business knows, ability doesnt consistently equivalent superstardom. Be that as it may, Mariah had a couple of different things going for her too. She had the option to get a gig functioning as a reinforcement artist for Brenda K. Starr, who was so dazzled with Mariahs voice that she elected to go along her demo tape. Starr passed it to Tommy Mottola, a melodic genius, the man behind Sony Music and Columbia Records. Tommy cherished it; and evidently adored her also. The two marry in 1993. Be that as it may, before the couple traded nupitals, Mariah discharged her first collection, a self-titled, intensely played crush achievement. The collection would set into movement some of the records Mariah had the option to break during her profession (most back to back #1 singles, first female soloist to go directly to #1, a #1 hit in every year during the 90s). Her prosperity was established with Grammys for Best New Artist and Best Female Vocalist. Mariahs ever-significant sophomore collection (which appears to represent the moment of truth various craftsman see Hootie ; The Blowfish) neglected to disillusion. Feelings had three successes and sold very well. Music Box would follow, alongside Daydream, Butterfly, and Heartbreaker. Obviously, the record organizations are similarly as satisfied as the American open. After a to some degree violent end to her agreement with Columbia (Mariah needed to pay in excess of 10 million to escape the arrangement), Mariah marked an arrangement with Virgin Records that pays her 23.5 million dollars a record. Out of the chronicle studio, Mariah isolated from Mottola in 1997, and the two would separate from a year later. Mariah got right, dating New York Yankees star Derek Jeter. Be that as it may, the relationship failed and Mariah has kept ensuing excursions out of the press. Words/Pages : 457/24

a most beautiful camping trip

a most beautiful camping trip Its pretty common at MIT for living groups to take advantage of the Indigenous Peoples Day long weekend (not just one extra day but two! what luxury!!) to go on fun trips and retreats. On Friday, my floor, Putz, headed out for our annual camping trip in seven rental cars, with trunks packed full of sleeping bags, tents, and food. We were headed about 2.5 hours away (well, before you take into account Boston traffic it took us more than half an hour to get to Porter Square!!!) to Franconia Notch National Forest and State Park. It was a truly incredible trip: we set up our tents in the dark (read: with difficulty) on Friday night, crammed six people into a four-person tent (which was a good move, because it kept us warm), and then woke up at 7 am on Saturday to go hiking all day. On the way back on Sunday, we hit up a farm selling produce, a family maple sugar business, and another very beautiful lake. Then I slept for a long, long, time. Thankfully, the real weekend (the one where I did all my homework) was only just beginning! It was wildly beautiful up there, so I wanted to share some pictures from my trip. I assure you that they were all even more beautiful in person, especially the cloudy ones, where my iPhone really cant quite hack it. The nature up in the mountains was a fantastic reminder of what life can be like outside the MIT bubble, and why sometimes its worth it to trek outside of my small, warm dorm room, open my eyes for real, and take in the world. Theres a lot here, because I couldnt choose between them   Feel free to skim at your leisure. Post Tagged #camping #new hampshire

What Is Popular Sovereignty

The popular sovereignty principle is one of the underlying ideas of the United States Constitution, and it argues that the source of governmental power (sovereignty) lies with the people (popular). This tenet is based on the concept of the social contract, the idea that government should be for the benefit of its citizens. If the government is not protecting the people, says the Declaration of Independence, it should be dissolved. That idea evolved through the writings of Enlightenment philosophers from England—Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and John Locke (1632–1704)—and from Switzerland—Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). Hobbes: Human Life in a State of Nature Thomas Hobbes wrote The Leviathan in 1651, during the English Civil War, and in it, he laid out the first basis of popular sovereignty. According to his theory, human beings were selfish and if left alone, in what he called a state of nature, human life would be nasty, brutish, and short. Therefore, to survive people give over their rights to a ruler who provides them with protection. In Hobbes opinion, an absolute monarchy provided the best form of security. Locke: The Social Contract Limiting Rulers Powers John Locke wrote Two Treatises on Government in 1689, in response to another paper (Robert Filmers Patriarcha) which argued that kings have a divine right to rule. Locke said that the power of a king or government doesnt come from God, but comes from the people. People make a social contract with their government, trading away some of their rights to the ruler in exchange for security and laws. In addition, Locke said, individuals have natural rights including the right to hold property. The government does not have the right to take this away without their consent. Significantly, if a king or ruler breaks the terms of the contract—by taking away rights or taking away property without an individuals consent—it is the right of the people to offer resistance and, if necessary, depose him.   Rousseau: Who Makes the Laws? Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract  in 1762. In this, he proposes that  Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains. These chains are not natural, says Rousseau, but they come about through the right of the strongest, the unequal nature of power and control. According to Rousseau, people must willingly give legitimate authority to the government through a social contract for mutual preservation. The collective group of citizens who have come together must make the laws, while their chosen government ensures their daily implementation. In this way, the people as a sovereign group look out for the common welfare as opposed to the selfish needs of each individual.   Popular Sovereignty and the US Government The idea of popular sovereignty was still evolving when the founding fathers were writing the US Constitution during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. In fact, popular sovereignty is one of six foundational principles on which the convention built the US Constitution. The other five principles are a limited government, the separation of powers, a system of checks and balances, the need for judicial review, and federalism, the need for a strong central government. Each tenet gives the Constitution a basis for authority and legitimacy that it uses even today. Popular sovereignty was often cited before the US Civil War as a reason why individuals in a newly organized territory should have the right to decide whether or not slavery should be allowed. The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 was based on the idea—that people have a right to property in the form of slaves. It set the stage for a situation that became known as Bleeding Kansas, and it is a painful irony because certainly Locke and Rousseau would not agree that people are ever considered property. As Rousseau wrote in The Social Contract: From whatever aspect we regard the question, the right of slavery is null and void, not only as being illegitimate, but also because it is absurd and meaningless. The words slave and right contradict each other, and are mutually exclusive. Sources and Further Reading Deneys-Tunney, Anne. Rousseau shows us that there is a way to break the chains—from within. The Guardian, July 15, 2012.  Douglass, Robin. Fugitive Rousseau: Slavery, Primitivism, and Political Freedom. Contemporary Political Theory 14.2 (2015): e220–e23.Habermas, Jurgen. Popular sovereignty as procedure. Eds., Bohman, James, and William Rehg. Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997. 35–66.Hobbes, Thomas. The Leviathan, or the Matter, Forme, Power of a Common-Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civill. London: Andrew Crooke, 1651. McMaster University Archive of the History of Economic Thought. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University.  Locke, John. Two Treastises of Government. London: Thomas Tegg, 1823. McMaster University Archive of the History of Economic Thought. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University.  Morgan, Edmund S. Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and America. New York, W.W. Norton, 1988.  Reisman, W. Michael. Sovereignty and Human Rights in Contemporary International Law. American Journal of International Law 84.4 (1990): 866–76. Print.Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract. Trans. Bennett, Jonathan. Early Modern Texts, 2017.

Acids and Bases Titration Example Problem

Titration is an analytical chemistry technique used to find an unknown concentration of an analyte (the titrand) by reacting it with a known volume and concentration of a standard solution (called  the titrant). Titrations are typically used for acid-base reactions and redox reactions. Heres an example problem determining the concentration of an analyte in an acid-base reaction: Titration Problem A 25 ml solution of 0.5 M NaOH is titrated until neutralized into a 50 ml sample of HCl. What was the concentration of the HCl? Step-by-Step Solution Step 1 - Determine [OH-] Every mole of NaOH will have one mole of OH-. Therefore [OH-] 0.5 M. Step 2 - Determine the number of moles of OH- Molarity # of moles/volume # of moles Molarity x Volume # of moles OH- (0.5 M)(.025 L)# of moles OH- 0.0125 mol Step 3 - Determine the number of moles of H When the base neutralizes the acid, the number of moles of H the number of moles of OH-. Therefore the number of moles of H 0.0125 moles. Step 4 - Determine the concentration of HCl Every mole of HCl will produce one mole of H, therefore the number of moles of HCl number of moles of H. Molarity # of moles/volume Molarity of HCl (0.0125 mol)/(0.050 L)Molarity of HCl 0.25 M Answer The concentration of the HCl is 0.25 M. Another Solution Method The above steps can be reduced to one equation MacidVacid MbaseVbase where Macid concentration of the acidVacid volume of the acidMbase concentration of the baseVbase volume of the base This equation works for acid/base reactions where the mole ratio between acid and base is 1:1. If the ratio were different as in Ca(OH)2 and HCl, the ratio would be 1 mole acid to 2 moles base. The equation would now be MacidVacid 2MbaseVbase For the example problem, the ratio is 1:1 MacidVacid MbaseVbase Macid(50 ml) (0.5 M)(25 ml)Macid 12.5 MmL/50 mlMacid 0.25 M Error in Titration Calculations There are different methods used to determine the equivalence point of a titration. No matter which method is used, some error is introduced, so the concentration value is close to the true value, but not exact. For example, if a colored pH indicator is used, it may be difficult to detect the color change. Usually, the error here is to go past the equivalence point, giving a concentration value that is too high. Another potential source of error when an acid-base indicator is used is if water used to prepare the solutions contains ions that would change the pH of the solution. For example, if hard tap water is used, the starting solution would be more alkaline than if distilled deionized water had been the solvent. If a graph or titration curve is used to find the endpoint, the equivalence point is a curve rather than a sharp point. The endpoint is a sort of best guess based on the experimental data. The error can be minimized by using a calibrated pH meter to find the endpoint of an acid-base titration rather than a color change or extrapolation from a graph.

Developing Cultural Flexibility Free Essays

string(39) " a driven team of respected employees\." Developing Cultural Flexibility Portfolio| December 14 2011 | Contents Page Section| Page Number| Q1 – What is the significance of national identity as a source of individuals’ culture? | 2| Q2 -In what aspects of work and employee relations should international managers be aware of religious sensitivities? | 3-4| Q3 -What are Hofstede’s culture dimensions? What correlations does Hofstede make among groups of countries and how valid are they for you? | 5| Q4 – Why do firms’ internationalise’? What are the implications of doing so for their role as employers and how will it affect your role in the future as an employee? 6-7| Bibliography| 8| Q1 -What is the significance of national identity as a source of individuals’ culture? I begin with a definition of culture – ‘the ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular society’ (Oxford Dictionaries, 2011). In terms of the question I am looking at how significantly ideas, customs and social behaviour of a nation’s identity affects that of the individual’s culture. It’s important to talk about stereotypes, they effect how people perceive the individual and their culture, also it can affect the individual as they may alter their culture to allow them to stand out from their national stereotype e. We will write a custom essay sample on Developing Cultural Flexibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now . people may stereotype Italians as loud and arrogant but some Italians may change their culture to quiet and well-mannered to make themselves more appealing for jobs abroad. Hofstede wrote that culture is ‘A collective programming of minds’, and to some extent I agree with him, people are proud of where they come from and like to promote their nation through their actions, this can mould their actions to some extent. An example is whilst I have been at university I have lived with a Chinese student, we have both said that we had expectations of each other before we had even talked. He expected me to be obsessed with football and beer, whilst I thought he would be a great cook and clever. This ability to anticipate an individual’s culture because of the national identity can be a great starting point for friendship, but it can have a negative effect. Observational learning plays a huge part in our development through child hood, we watch and repeat what our parents and family do. If we have a problem we deal with it how we see them deal with it, I think that this is how individuals develop their culture, not so much from their national identity. Edgar Schein’s belief is that culture is – â€Å"shared systems of beliefs and values†, that culture is the answers to problems. These answers can be learned as a nation, as part of a family or as an individual. It is how individuals deal with these problems that makes their culture individual to them. Although Schein’s 3 levels of culture can to some extent be related to national identity for example the ‘Values and Beliefs’ and ‘Artefacts and creations’. Individual’s belief can be down to their nation’s beliefs, although I think that would have been more applicable in the past. With the development of the internet and communication methods I think that individuals now have the media to find out and decide their own culture. People are travelling all over the world, picking up bits of other cultures and adding to their own. It was similar when America was discovered, people from all over the world moved there bringing their own culture, although there is an American identity, there are patches of America that retain the culture that their people bought with them all. To conclude I believe that national identity is fairly significant to individual’s culture, more so if the individual moves abroad than if they stay in their country. Q2 -In what aspects of work and employee relations should international managers be aware of religious sensitivities? Religion is important throughout the world, with countries becoming more multicultural different religions are clashing leading to war and strained international relationships. This can happen on a smaller scale within organisations. It is up to managers and employees to be aware of each other’s beliefs and respect each other enough to allow them to have their own beliefs. This can be a minefield for today’s international managers where equality is key to running an effective, productive place to work. Globalisation, development in technology, cheaper transportation and international bonds (e. g. European Union) has led to an increase in multi-religious staff, which if international managers are aware of and can work with, it has the potential to offer a lot to organisations, employees bringing different ideas and dvice to the table because of their different religions and knowledge. A difficult example of managing religious sensitivities is allowing Sikhs to carry their ceremonial knife known as ‘Kirpan’ with them at work. It poses difficult problems, one being that it’s dangerous and could create a lot of tension within an organisation. It is an article of faith for the Sikh bu t does that mean its ok to carry a weapon at work? I found an article on the BBC which was headed ‘Sikhs should be allowed to carry ceremonial knives in schools †¦ can religion ever justify loopholes in the law†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Although this is based on schools, it carries the same principle. Should religion be more important than the law of the country? International managers can experience culture shock on 3 different levels: 1. Emotions – e. g. euphoria to depression 2. Thinking – e. g. from stereotyping to culturally effective thinking 3. Social Skills and Identity – e. g. from national to transnational social skills and an international identity (Source Marx 1999) International managers need to master these 3 levels to achieve global management which Bartholomew and Adler (1996) define as ‘The need for a conceptual shift from a hierarchical perspective of cultural influence, compromise and adaption to one of collaborative cross cultural learning’. This is the aim of all global organisations, although it can be a very slow and hard process it is important and the end result would be a driven team of respected employees. You read "Developing Cultural Flexibility" in category "Papers" International managers need to be aware of religious holidays, example Jewish festivals, Christmas etc. Should they allow every religious holiday or none? Managers need to prepare for religious holidays e. g. ensure that they have enough stock over the Christmas period when sales increase. A manager cannot be seen to favour certain religions as this could lead to discrimination and problems within the workforce. With globalisation comes an expectancy to work together as a team, not be seen as separate religious groups who are distant to each other. It is partly the manager’s job to ensure this happens but it’s also down to the individuals. We live in a global community, it is now time to start developing a multicultural organisational community. This will be a real test for international managers and organisations. Q3 -What are Hofstede’s culture dimensions? What correlations does Hofstede make among groups of countries and how valid are they for you? Geert Hofstede (b. 1928) carried out a cross cultural study of 116,000 employees of IBM in 40 countries. From his results he distinguished national cultures in terms of five orientations which are: (D. A. BUCHANAN, 2010): 1. Social Orientation – Cultures in the East e. g. India, China have a collective interest where the interests of the group are more important than each individuals gains or praise. Whereas the western counties e. g. UK, America have a more individualistic approach where the individual interests are seen as more important, this idea of personal gain above shared gain. 2. Power Orientation – The idea that some national cultures accept that some people are of a higher authority, they accept the hierarchical idea of power on levels, that some people are born into power whereas other cultures believe that you earn power, and that there should be minimum power difference as it exploits others. 3. Uncertainty Orientation – This describes how cultures react and adapt to change and uncertainty. He found that some cultures prefer structure and consistency and find the uncertain threatening whilst others relish change and new opportunities. 4. Goal Orientation – Also known as masculine and feminine culture orientation. This finds out what motivates people to try and achieve their goals. The masculine orientation is more aggressive assertive behaviour, where material possessions, power and money are motivators. The feminine orientation is the more passive side, where the wellbeing and quality of life of other people is a motivator. 5. Time Orientation – This looks at how different cultures work, is it with short term goals in mind or do they plan for the long term. Those that value long term planning, look forward to future market positions, they ensure that they are ready to meet future commitments. Dedication and hard work are essential. Whereas the short term outlook look for short term profits and value past traditions. Hofstede’s has been criticised over his work, he conducted his survey for IBM because they were concerned with declining morale, it wasn’t designed to distinguish ifferent ‘national cultures’. The use of a survey is also criticised, ‘Many researchers allude a survey is not an appropriate instrument for accurately determining and measuring cultural disparity. ’ (M. L. JONES, 2007) Another criticism is that Hofstede’s study makes the assumption that the population is a homogenous whole, whereas there are always ethnic units and subdivisions wi thin society. It seems to ignore the fact that communities can have very different cultures to the one that is seen as the national culture. It would be impossible to accurately represent all different cultures per nation. Hofstede’s is more of an overview of the national culture and should not be used to stereotype the whole population. Q4 – Why do firms’ internationalise’? What are the implications of doing so for their role as employers and how will it affect your role in the future as an employee? More firms are beginning to ‘internationalise’ and try their hand at the global market, with the goal of making a profit and increasing it year after year. This requires businesses to adapt to the changing times. It has and still is becoming much easier to internationalise, with the development of the internet, faster and cheaper transport overseas, vast improvements in infrastructure and if you are part of a trading power e. g. The European Union, the international trading laws are much more flexible than they used to be. More Benefits for firms to internationalise Location – Find a more attractive market overseas where they wish to operate. May find a central location for main distribution centre to save on delivery costs. Low cost and labour charges – Companies want to produce goods quickly and cheaply so that they can get the biggest return on them e. g. Nike has manufactured its products in sweatshops because people are so desperate for work that they can pay them very little. The BBC’s panorama found as recently as in the year 2000, 12 year old girls in Cambodia were working 16 hours a day for little pay because they were so poor. This can lead to implications for firms that do this, bad publicity, drop in sales and a tarnished global image. Less competition – Large organisations are always on the lookout for gaps in the market that they can exploit, this includes overseas markets. If they feel that they offer something new or of a better quality than anything in that country they will try to set up there to capitalise. The image below clearly shows the three stages of internationalisation, with many firms hoping to remain in stage 2 with the positive factors although on either side there are potential implications. Source: Contractor et al. 2003, p. 27 A good example of internationalisation gone wrong is when Vale from Brazil bought out Inco in Canada. It seemed a straight forward move, Inco and Vale had both been successful in their own markets. It turned out to be a bad combination because they didn’t understand or accept each other’s different culture on how they handled business and each other. It ended up costing Vale a lot of money and tarnished their image and reputation. I think that as a future employee internationalisation will affect me greatly, I chose this course because I think that understanding and respecting other cultures is very important, before any business is done it is important to learn what makes people tick, then you know how to motivate them to a certain extent. In my opinion it can be hugely overlooked, if it wasn’t I think that many disagreements could be averted. Dealing with people is a huge part of business whether its potential investors or a fellow employee, if you understand peoples cultures very often you can learn from them, leading to very clever organisational cultures that can motivate and inspire the majority of the workforce leading to a smoother internationalisation process. Bibliography D. A. BUCHANAN, A. A. (2010). Organizational Behaviour. Essex: Pearson Education Ltd 2010. Kenyon, P. (2000, October 15). Gap and Nike: No Sweat? Retrieved December 13, 2011, from BBC: http://news. bc. co. uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/970385. stm Loerrach. (2003). The impact of internatioalization on organizational culture a comparative study of international US and German companies, 7-48. M. L. JONES. (2007). Hofstede – Culturally Questionable, 7-8. RICKY W, P. M. (2007). International Business 5th Edition. GRIFFIN. Roache, R. ( 2010, February 9). Should religion be an excuse for carrying daggers? Retrieved December 13, 2011, from BBC: http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/magazine/8506074. stm Unknown. (2011, December 13). Retrieved December 13, 2011, from Oxford Dictionaries: http://oxforddictionaries. com/definition/culture How to cite Developing Cultural Flexibility, Papers

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 free essay sample

The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, granted citizenship to all people â€Å"born or naturalized in the United States,† and includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. This amendment failed to explicitly prohibit vote discrimination on racial grounds Karim 2 In 1870 the 15th Amendment was ratified, which provided specifically that the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on the basis of race, color or previous condition of servitude. This superseded state laws that had directly prohibited black voting. As a result, in the former Confederate States, where new black citizens in some cases comprised majorities of the eligible voting population, hundreds of thousands -maybe one million recently-freed slaves registered to vote. Black candidates began for the first time to be elected to state, local and federal offices and to play a meaningful role in their governments. The extension of the franchise to black citizens was strongly resisted. Among others, the Ku Klux Klan, the Knights of the White Camellia, and other terrorist organizations attempted to prevent the 15th Amendment from being enforced by violence and intimidation. Once whites regained control of the state by a process known as Redemption, they used gerrymandering of election districts to further reduce black voting strength and minimize the number of black elected officials. In the 1890s, these states began to amend their constitutions and to ratify a series of laws intended to re-establish and establish white political supremacy. â€Å"Such disfranchising laws included poll taxes, literacy tests, vouchers of good character, and disqualification for crimes of moral turpitude. These laws were color-blind on their face, but were designed to exclude black citizens disproportionately by allowing white election officials to apply the procedures Karim 3 selectively. † (Laney 11) Other laws and practices, such as the white primary, attempted to evade the 15th Amendment by allowing private political parties to conduct elections and establish qualifications for their members. As a result of these efforts, in the former Confederate states nearly all black citizens were disenfranchised and removed by 1910. The process of restoring the rights stolen by these tactics would take many decades. There were several tactics used to steal voting rights away from African Americans. Such of these were payments for poll taxes. Others were Black voters were go to vote and see that their name was erased from the list In every state there were accounts of different tactics to forbid voting. By 1965 rigorous efforts to break the grip of state disfranchisement had been under way for some time, but had achieved only modest success overall and in some areas had proved almost entirely incompetent. The murder of voting-rights activists in Philadelphia, Mississippi, gained national attention, along with numerous other acts of violence and terrorism. Finally, the unprovoked attack on March 7, 1965, by state troopers on peaceful marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, route to the state capitol in Montgomery, persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators resistance to effective voting rights legislation. The following year, President Lyndon Baines Johnson attempted to persuade Congress to pass his Voting Rights Act. This proposed legislation removed the right of Karim 4 states to impose restrictions on who could vote in elections. Johnson explained how: Every American citizen must have an equal right to vote. Yet the harsh fact is that in many places in this country men and women are kept from voting simply because they are Negroes. (Lyndon Johnson 1965) President Johnson issued a call for a strong voting rights law and hearings began soon thereafter on the bill that would become the Voting Rights Act. Congress concluded that existing federal anti-discrimination laws were ineffective were not sufficient enough to overcome the resistance to enforce the 15th amendment. Congress had found that case-by-case litigation was inadequate to combat wide-spread and persistent discrimination in voting, because of the inordinate amount of time and energy required to overcome the obstructionist tactics invariably encountered in these lawsuits. After enduring nearly a century of systematic resistance to the Fifteenth Amendment, Congress might well decide to shift the advantage of time and inertia from the perpetrators of the evil to its victims. † (South Carolina v. Katzenbach) President Johnson signed the resulting legislation into law on August 6, 1965 and it outlawed the requirement that voters in the United States take literacy tests to qualify to register to vote, and it provided for federal registration of voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible minority voters registered. Although opposed by politicians from the Deep South, the Voting Rights Act was passed by large majorities in the House of Representatives (333 to 48) and the Senate (77 to 19). Karim 5 After years of rigorous treatment on African Americans, Civil liberties were all on their side now. Soon after passage of the Voting Rights Act, federal examiners were conducting voter registration, and black voter registration began a sharp increase. Congress had followed through on its job to give African Americans the rights guaranteed to them by the 14th and 15tamendment. Out of the two surveys taken, one in 1965 and one 1988, there showed a dramatic change in the gap between African American voters and white voters. In 1965 there was 50 percent voting rate difference while in 1988there a 6 percent voting rate difference. The long term effect of change had succeeded. Soon after the passing of this landmark act gradual change between black and white voting closed in and there was nearly an equal amount of voters of each race. This landmark act allowed the voices of million of black voters to be heard and was the single most effective bill passed during the civil rights movement and maybe even the entire century. By abolishing literacy tests and poll taxes that prohibited African Americans to vote, America was glued back from its broken pieces of racial hate. It was renewed again in 2006 and left its place in the historical civil rights movement.